Research publications

In both the Senate and the House of Commons, Indigenous languages are becoming more widely spoken and recognized, despite their historically limited use in Canada’s Parliament. This HillNote provides an overview of the use of Indigenous languages in Parliament, key developments in their recognition, and the interpretation services and practices related to their use.

The Canada–European Union (EU) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) was signed in October 2016. Since then, the Canadian and European parliaments have adopted the agreement, and 18 of the EU’s 27 member states have completed their ratification processes. In October 2026, Slovenia became the most recent EU member state to complete its internal ratification process. This HillNote discusses the steps that Canada, EU institutions and individual EU member states have taken as of 30 October 2026 concerning CETA’s application and ratification. As part of that discussion, information about Canada’s merchandise trade, services trade and foreign direct investment with each EU member state is provided. The HillNote also examines the debate about the potential effects on CETA’s implementation if an EU member state were to fail to ratify the agreement.